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Это очень похоже на тестирование мутаций в изоляции – смотрите <a href="https://lmiller1990.github.io/vue-testing-handbook/ru/vuex-mutations.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">здесь<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a> про тестирование мутаций. Тестирование диспетчеризации действий в контексте компонента обсуждалось <a href="https://lmiller1990.github.io/vue-testing-handbook/ru/vuex-in-components-mutations-and-actions.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">здесь<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>.</p> <p>Исходный код для теста на этой странице можно найти <a href="https://github.com/lmiller1990/vue-testing-handbook/tree/master/demo-app/tests/unit/actions.spec.js" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">здесь<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>.</p> <h2 id="создание-действия"><a href="#создание-действия" class="header-anchor">#</a> Создание действия</h2> <p>Мы напишем действие, которое следует обычному Vuex паттерну:</p> <ol><li>делаем асинхронный запрос к API</li> <li>обрабатываем данные (опционально)</li> <li>делаем <code>commit</code> мутации с результатом в виде нагрузки</li></ol> <p>Вот действие <code>authenticate</code>, которое отправляет имя пользователя и пароль к внешнему API, в котором проверяется совпадают ли они. Затем результат используется для обновления хранилища, путём выполнения мутации <code>SET_AUTHENTICATED</code> с результатом в виде нагрузки.</p> <div class="language-js extra-class"><pre class="language-js"><code><span class="token keyword">import</span> axios <span class="token keyword">from</span> <span class="token string">&quot;axios&quot;</span>

<span class="token keyword">export</span> <span class="token keyword">default</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token keyword">async</span> <span class="token function">authenticate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter"><span class="token punctuation">{</span> commit <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> username<span class="token punctuation">,</span> password <span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">const</span> authenticated <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">await</span> axios<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">post</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;/api/authenticate&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
      username<span class="token punctuation">,</span> password
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    <span class="token function">commit</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;SET_AUTHENTICATED&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> authenticated<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre></div><p>Тест для действия должен проверять:</p> <ol><li>правильный ли endpoint API использовался?</li> <li>правильная ли нагрузка для мутации?</li> <li>правильная ли мутация была использована?</li></ol> <p>Давайте двигаться вперёд и напишем тест, пусть ошибки подсказывают нам что делать.</p> <h2 id="написание-теста"><a href="#написание-теста" class="header-anchor">#</a> Написание теста</h2> <div class="language-js extra-class"><pre class="language-js"><code><span class="token function">describe</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Авторизация&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token function">it</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;авторизует пользователя&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">async</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">const</span> commit <span class="token operator">=</span> jest<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">fn</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">const</span> username <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">&quot;alice&quot;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">const</span> password <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">&quot;password&quot;</span>

    <span class="token keyword">await</span> actions<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">authenticate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span> commit <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> username<span class="token punctuation">,</span> password <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    <span class="token function">expect</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>url<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toBe</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;/api/authenticate&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token function">expect</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>body<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toEqual</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span> username<span class="token punctuation">,</span> password <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token function">expect</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>commit<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toHaveBeenCalledWith</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>
      <span class="token string">&quot;SET_AUTHENTICATED&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>Так как <code>axios</code> асинхронный, нужно убедиться, что Jest дождётся окончания теста. Добавим <code>async</code> для функции и <code>await</code> для вызова <code>actions.authenticate</code>. В противном случае тест завершится до проверки <code>expect</code>, и мы получим тест, который всегда будет проходить проверку.</p> <p>Запуск теста выше выдаст нам такую ошибку:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code> FAIL  tests/unit/actions.spec.js
  ● Авторизация › авторизует пользователя

    SyntaxError: The string did not match the expected pattern.

      at XMLHttpRequest.open <span class="token punctuation">(</span>node_modules/jsdom/lib/jsdom/living/xmlhttprequest.js:482:15<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
      at dispatchXhrRequest <span class="token punctuation">(</span>node_modules/axios/lib/adapters/xhr.js:45:13<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
      at xhrAdapter <span class="token punctuation">(</span>node_modules/axios/lib/adapters/xhr.js:12:10<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
      at dispatchRequest <span class="token punctuation">(</span>node_modules/axios/lib/core/dispatchRequest.js:59:10<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>Это ошибка возникает где-то внутри <code>axios</code>. Мы делаем запрос к <code>/api...</code> и, так как мы запускаем тест в тестовом окружении, в котором даже нет сервера, получаем ошибку. Мы также не определили <code>url</code> или <code>body</code> – мы сделаем это, когда будем решать ошибку с <code>axios</code>.</p> <p>Так как мы используем Jest, можно легко замокать вызов API, применяя <code>jest.mock</code>. Мы сделаем мок для <code>axios</code>, который даст нам больше контроля над его поведением. Jest предоставляет <a href="https://jestjs.io/docs/ru/es6-class-mocks" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">моки для ES6 классов<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>, которые идеально подходят для мока <code>axios</code>.</p> <p>Мок для <code>axios</code> выглядит следующим образом:</p> <div class="language-js extra-class"><pre class="language-js"><code><span class="token keyword">let</span> url <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">''</span>
<span class="token keyword">let</span> body <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>

jest<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">mock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;axios&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token function-variable function">post</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter">_url<span class="token punctuation">,</span> _body</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> 
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Promise</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter">resolve</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
      url <span class="token operator">=</span> _url
      body <span class="token operator">=</span> _body
      <span class="token function">resolve</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>Мы сохраняем <code>url</code> и <code>body</code> в переменные, чтобы мы могли проверить, что правильный endpoint получает правильную нагрузку. Так как мы не хотим использовать настоящий endpoint, мы немедленно выполняем промис, что симулирует успешный вызов API.</p> <p><code>yarn unit:pass</code> теперь выводит сообщение, что тест прошёл проверку!</p> <h2 id="тестирование-ошибки-api"><a href="#тестирование-ошибки-api" class="header-anchor">#</a> Тестирование ошибки API</h2> <p>Мы только протестировали случай, когда вызов API успешный. Важно тестировать все возможные случаи. Давайте напишем тест, в котором происходит ошибка. В этот раз, мы сначала напишем тест, а затем - реализацию.</p> <p>Тест выглядит примерно так:</p> <div class="language-js extra-class"><pre class="language-js"><code><span class="token function">it</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;ловит ошибки&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">async</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  mockError <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span>

  <span class="token keyword">await</span> <span class="token function">expect</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>actions<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">authenticate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span> commit<span class="token punctuation">:</span> jest<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">fn</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">.</span>rejects<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toThrow</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Произошла ошибка API.&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>Нам нужно найти способ заставить мок для <code>axios</code> сгенерировать ошибку. Вот для чего нужна переменная <code>mockError</code>. Обновим мок для <code>axios</code> вот так:</p> <div class="language-js extra-class"><pre class="language-js"><code><span class="token keyword">let</span> url <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">''</span>
<span class="token keyword">let</span> body <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">let</span> mockError <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span>

jest<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">mock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;axios&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token function-variable function">post</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter">_url<span class="token punctuation">,</span> _body</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> 
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Promise</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter">resolve</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
      <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>mockError<span class="token punctuation">)</span> 
        <span class="token keyword">throw</span> <span class="token function">Error</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

      url <span class="token operator">=</span> _url
      body <span class="token operator">=</span> _body
      <span class="token function">resolve</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>Jest позволяет обращаться к переменной вне текущего лексического окружения ES6 класса только, если перед названием переменной стоит <code>mock</code>. Теперь мы можем с лёгкостью сделать <code>mockError = true</code> и <code>axios</code> сгенерирует ошибку.</p> <p>Запуск теста выдаст нам такую ошибку:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>FAIL  tests/unit/actions.spec.js
● Авторизация › ловит ошибки

  expect<span class="token punctuation">(</span>function<span class="token punctuation">)</span>.toThrow<span class="token punctuation">(</span>string<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

  Expected the <span class="token keyword">function</span> to throw an error matching:
    <span class="token string">&quot;Произошла ошибка API.&quot;</span>
  Instead, it threw:
    Mock error
</code></pre></div><p>Он успешно словил ошибку... но не ту которую мы хотели. Обновим <code>authenticate</code>, чтобы генерировать ошибку, которая ожидается в тесте:</p> <div class="language-js extra-class"><pre class="language-js"><code><span class="token keyword">export</span> <span class="token keyword">default</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token keyword">async</span> <span class="token function">authenticate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter"><span class="token punctuation">{</span> commit <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> username<span class="token punctuation">,</span> password <span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
      <span class="token keyword">const</span> authenticated <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">await</span> axios<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">post</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;/api/authenticate&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        username<span class="token punctuation">,</span> password
      <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

      <span class="token function">commit</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;SET_AUTHENTICATED&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> authenticated<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
      <span class="token keyword">throw</span> <span class="token function">Error</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Произошла ошибка API.&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre></div><p>Теперь тесты проходят проверку.</p> <h2 id="уnучшения"><a href="#уnучшения" class="header-anchor">#</a> Улучшения</h2> <p>Теперь вы знаете, как тестировать действия в изоляции. Есть, как минимум, одно улучшение, которое можно сделать – это реализовать мок <code>axios</code> в виде <a href="https://jestjs.io/docs/ru/manual-mocks" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">пользовательского мока<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>. Необходимо создать папку <code>__mocks__</code> на том же уровне, где находится <code>node_modules</code>, и реализовать мок модуль там. Сделав это, вы можете использовать реализацию мока во всех тестах. Jest автоматически использует мок реализации из <code>__mocks__</code>. На сайте Jest и в интернете есть множество примеров, как сделать это. Рефакторинг этого теста, используя пользовательский мок, остаётся как упражнение для читателя.</p> <h2 id="закnючение"><a href="#закnючение" class="header-anchor">#</a> Заключение</h2> <p>В этом руководстве обсудили:</p> <ul><li>как использовать моки Jest для ES6 классов</li> <li>как тестировать успешные и неудачные случаи действий</li></ul> <p>Исходный код для теста на этой странице можно найти <a href="https://github.com/lmiller1990/vue-testing-handbook/tree/master/demo-app/tests/unit/actions.spec.js" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">здесь<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>.</p></div> <footer class="page-edit"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/lmiller1990/vue-testing-handbook/edit/master/ru/vuex-actions.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Редактировать эту страницу на GitHub</a> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></div> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">Последнее обновление:</span> <span class="time">15.09.2020, 01:29:11</span></div></footer> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev">
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